Makueni County is an agricultural zone. The County produces excellent horticultural crops including mango and citrus. The maize varieties popular here mature in 60 days. In the highlands we produce export grade coffee. The land is crossed by many rivers, the most well-known being Athi River. Almost all rivers are seasonal. As a result, Makueni often endures serious droughts, triggering poverty and destabilizing entire communities. The first Makueni Investment Forum convened by the Council in 2010 concluded: "Scarcity of water is the over-arching theme in Makueni.

The Makueni Investment Forum summarized the water management issue: “Scarcity of water is the over-arching theme in Makueni. All leaders are in consensus on this challenge. Increased access to water will boost agricultural and horticultural production. In particular, dams, boreholes and irrigation schemes are required. Currently, water projects are identified and implemented on a one-by-one basis without coordination at County level but with expert and regulatory interventions from government agencies. Regulatory requirements are often experienced as challenging.